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- August 20, 2008 |
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Welcome to the #1 online source of information for Diabetes Specialists! An international online community of more than 10,000 Diabetes Specialists.
CME on Diabetes is a website built to transmit top-level CME conferences given by international experts in endocrinology, insulin resistance, prediabetes, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. More than 2.6 million slides have been viewed since the website launch. Thank you for your continued support and commitment!
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PathophysiologyIn order to better understand the causes of Type 2 diabetes, certain fundamental studies are necessary. Many elements are presently being studied: production of insulin, method of hormonal action, signals produced by its production, chain reaction of cells when in contact with the hormone, receptors involved in the process of detection, causes of insulin insensitivity... The development of a better understanding of each of these factors may help prevent and treat Type 2 diabetes.
Presentations listing
Autoimmune Diseases: Impact on Diabetes - Dr. Trisha O'Moore-Sullivan
Relationship between hyperglycaemia and micro- and... - Prof. Timothy Davis
Relationship between underlying causes of insulin... - Prof. Christopher Nolan
Relationship between hyperglycaemia and micro- and... - Prof. Timothy Davis
CVD in Type 2 Diabetes: Who and How to Investigate - Dr. Trisha O'Moore-Sullivan
Which Cardiovascular Disease Should We Screen for in... - Prof. Tom Marwick
Underlying Causes of Disease Progression: The Role of... - Prof. Nikolaus Marx
Women, CHD & Diabetes - Dr. Pat Phillips
Nox, Nox, Knocking: The Emerging Roles of NADPH Oxidases in... - Dr. Grant Drummond
Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes - The Critical Role of... - Prof. Steven Kahn
The Clinical Implications of Advanced Glycation - Dr. Merlin C. Thomas
Renin-Angiotensin System: Beyond the Kidney - Prof. Mark E. Cooper
Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: The Neel... - Prof. Peter J. Grant
New Developments in the Understanding of ß-cell Failure in... - Dr. Jenny Gunton
Gastric Motility and Glycaemic Control in Diabetes - The... - Prof. Michael Horowitz
Diabetes Related Foot Complications - Dr. Paul Wraight
The Erectile-Endothelial Dysfunction Nexus: Implications... - Prof. Gerald Watts
Management of Diabetic Retinopathy: What’s New? - Prof. Paul Mitchell
Quality of Life & Diabetes - Dr. Pat Phillips
Interaction of Metabolic with Haemodynamic Factors in... - Prof. Mark E. Cooper
Introduction - Prof. Jean-Pierre Després
Microvascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes: New Insight... - Dr. Luigi Gnudi
Adiponectin: Conducting the Metabolic Orchestra - Prof. John Prins
Early Retinal Microvascular Changes in Diabetes: Insights... - Dr. Tien Y. Wong
Development of Atherosis in the Placental Bed of Diabetic... - Prof. Eileen Gallery
Adipose Tissue as an Inflammatory Organ (Endocrine Tumor)... - Prof. John N. Fain
Muscle - Adipose Tissue "Crosstalk" :... - Prof. Edward W. Kraegen
Resistin and Fasting-Induced Adipose Factor (FIAF) in the... - Dr. Russell Brown
Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Cardiovascular Disease - Prof. Antonio Ceriello
Increased Risk of Coronary Events in Dysglycemic Patients:... - Dr. Richard W. Nesto
Lessons from the UKPDS - Prof. Alastair Gray
Effect of Fructose Overfeeding and Fish Oil Administration... - Dr. David Faeh
Neural Control of Energy Balance - Prof. Stephen C. Woods
Advanced Glycation in Diabetic Complications - Dr. Stephen Twigg
Adiponectin - Prof. John Prins
The Role of Inflammation in Metabolic Disease - Prof. John Prins
Mechanism and Consequences of Fat-induced Gluconeogenesis - Prof. Joseph Proietto
CRP, Inflammation, and its Relationship to Cardiovascular... - Dr. Paul M. Ridker
Silent myocardial ischaemia and infarction in type II... - Prof. Timothy Davis
What are the manifestations of beta-cell dysfunction and... - Dr. Steven V. Edelman
Inflammation and Atherosclerosis - Dr. Peter Libby
ß-cell Failure in Type 2 Diabetes: The Case for Earlier... - Prof. Steven Kahn
Impaired Microvascular Recruitment and Muscle Insulin... - Dr. Michael G. Clark
New Insights in Diabetic Retinopathy - Dr. Filiberto Altomare
The Wheres and Whats of Body Fat Distribution - Prof. Steven Kahn
Nuclear Receptor Diseases Mechanisms - Dr. Mitchell Lazar
Beta Cell Failure in type 2 Diabetes: A Paradigm Revisited - Dr. Minna Woo
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"Autoimmune Diseases: Impact on Diabetes"Dr. Trisha O'Moore-Sullivan (biography)
English - 2007-11-21 - 36 minutes
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Summary :
Autoimmune diseases are found more commonly in people with Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) than amongst the general population. Dr. O'Moore-Sullivan discusses the implications of a diagnosis of autoimmune disease accompanying T1DM, which relate to the management of both conditions, as well as to the screening for other autoimmune diseases in the patient and his family.
A common...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
-The association of Type 1 Diabetes with the following endocrine autoimmune diseases:
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AIT)
Autoimmune Addison's Disease (AD)
-The association of Type 1 Diabetes with a non-endocrine autoimmune disease, Coeliac Disease (CD)
-Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes (APS)
Bibliographic references :
Jennifer M. Barker Type 1 Diabetes-Associated Autoimmunity: Natural History, Genetic Associations, and ScreeningThe Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 4 1210-1217
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"Relationship between hyperglycaemia and micro- and macrovascular outcomes"Prof. Timothy Davis (biography)
English - 2007-11-10 - 34 minutes
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Summary :
Long-term randomised controlled trials have provided good evidence for the relationship between glycaemia and the risk of vascular complications of diabetes.
The DCCT study in type 1 diabetic patients showed that intensive treatment was associated with significant improvements in microvascular outcomes. There was a low number of cardiovascular events, however fewer events were seen...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- The relationship between glycaemia and vascular outcomes in type 1 and type 2 diabetes
- Evidence in support of a 'legacy' effect of good glycaemic control
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"Relationship between underlying causes of insulin resistance and beta-cell function"Prof. Christopher Nolan (biography)
English - 2007-11-10 - 34 minutes
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Summary :
Islet beta-cell failure is a key factor in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. It is progressive, and occurs in the context of islets compensating for insulin resistance.
Beta-cell failure occurs in “susceptible” islets, and the mechanisms involved are of the initiation and progression types.
The factors that make islets susceptible to dysfunction need to be discovered,...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- GDM as an insulin resistant state
- Insulin secretion in women with previous GDM
- The influence of GDM on long-term control of glucose tolerance
- The islet beta-cell in T2DM
- Glucolipotoxicity as a proposed mechanism of beta-cell failure in T2DM
Bibliographic references :
Marc Prentki and Christopher J. NolanIslet β cell failure in type 2 diabetes J Clin Invest. 2006 July 3; 116(7): 1802–1812.
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"Relationship between hyperglycaemia and micro- and macrovascular outcomes"Prof. Timothy Davis (biography)
English - 2007-11-10 - 34 minutes
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Summary :
Long-term randomised controlled trials have provided good evidence for the relationship between glycaemia and the risk of vascular complications of diabetes.
The DCCT study in type 1 diabetic patients showed that intensive treatment was associated with significant improvements in microvascular outcomes. There was a low number of cardiovascular events, however fewer events were seen...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- The relationship between glycaemia and vascular outcomes in type 1 and type 2 diabetes
- Evidence in support of a 'legacy' effect of good glycaemic control
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"CVD in Type 2 Diabetes: Who and How to Investigate"Dr. Trisha O'Moore-Sullivan (biography)
English - 2007-03-03 - 39 minutes
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Summary :
In this presentation Dr. O'Moore-Sullivan talks about investigations that can be done in type 2 diabetic patients who are symptomatic for coronary artery disease (CAD), and some potential means of identifying high-risk asymptomatic patients.
Coronary angiography is the "gold standard" for the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD), whereas multi-slice computed tomography,...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- Anatomical and functional tests for assessing CAD
- Imaging and prognosis in diabetic patients
- Data from the DIAD study: proportion of asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients having an abnormal SPECT test
- The role of coronary artery calcium scoring in the identification of high-risk asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients
Bibliographic references :
1. Bax JJ, Inzucchi SE, Bonow RO, Schuijf JD, Freeman MR, Barrett EJ; Global Dialogue Group for the Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Diabetes.Cardiac Imaging for Risk Stratification in Diabetes Diabetes Care 30:1295-1304, 2007.
2. Wackers FJ, Young LH, Inzucchi SE, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, Taillefer R, Wittlin SD, Heller GV, Filipchuk N, Engel S, Ratner RE, Iskandrian AE; Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics Investigators.Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects: the DIAD study. Diabetes Care 27:1954-1961, 2004.
3. Anand DV, Lim E, Hopkins D, Corder R, Shaw LJ, Sharp P, Lipkin D, Lahiri A. Risk stratification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes: prospective evaluation of the combined use of coronary artery calcium imaging and selective myocardial perfusion scintigraphy Eur Heart J. 2006 Mar;27(6):713-21.
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"Which Cardiovascular Disease Should We Screen for in Diabetes?"Prof. Tom Marwick (biography)
English - 2007-03-03 - 37 minutes
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Summary :
Diabetic patients are at increased risk for heart failure, as seen in the Framingham Heart Study (1), and conversely there is an over-representation of diabetes in heart failure patients (2). The emphasis is now moving to treating the earlier stages A and B of heart failure, says Prof. Marwick. These are cases where risk factors for heart failure present, or risk factors plus some abnormal...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- Heart failure in diabetes: epidemiology, prognosis
- Features of preclinical diabetic heart disease
- The impact of preclinical diabetic heart disease on exercise capacity in T2DM
- Five potential mechanisms of diabetic heart disease
Bibliographic references :
1. Kannel WB, Hjortland M, Castelli WP. "Role of diabetes in congestive heart failure: the Framingham study." Am J Cardiol. 1974 Jul;34(1):29-34.
2. Coughlin SS, Pearle DL, Baughman KL, Wasserman A, Tefft MC.Diabetes mellitus and risk of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The Washington, DC Dilated Cardiomyopathy Study. Ann Epidemiol. 1994 Jan;4(1):67-74.
3. John K. Boyer MD, Srihari Thanigaraj MD, Kenneth B. Schechtman PhD and Julio E. Pérez MD.Prevalence of ventricular diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic, normotensive patients with diabetes mellitus The American Journal of Cardiology Volume 93, Issue 7, 1 April 2004, Pages 870-875.
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"Underlying Causes of Disease Progression: The Role of PPAR-gamma and the Metabolic and Vascular Actions of the TZDs"Prof. Nikolaus Marx (biography)
English - 2006-12-04 - 28 minutes
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Summary :
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder associated with various risk factors like dyslipidaemia, inflammation and hypertension. Patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus exhibit an increased propensity to develop arteriosclerosis with its sequelae acute myocardial infarction and stroke. Anti-diabetic, PARγ−activating, thiazolidinediones (TZDs,...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- Metabolic and vascular aspects of insulin resistance
- Mechanism of action of the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs
- Metabolic effects of TZDs, including effects on HDL-C and LDL particle size
- Vascular action of TZDs: in vitro and in vivo evidence for anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties
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"Women, CHD & Diabetes"Dr. Pat Phillips (biography)
English - 2006-10-27 - 27 minutes
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Summary :
In this presentation Dr. Phillips talks about the importance of coronary heart disease (CHD) in diabetes, particularly in women.
Is diabetes a CHD risk equivalent? A well-known case-control study reported by Haffner et al. in 1998 suggested that diabetic patients without previous myocardial infarction have as high a risk of myocardial infarction as non-diabetic patients with...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation, the participant will be able to discuss:
- Coronary heart disease is very common in those with type 2 diabetes and vice versa.
- In women the presence of diabetes increases coronary risk much more than in men and equalises coronary risk for men and women.
- Many women and their professionals do not appreciate the risk of coronary heart disease in women nor do they appreciate that diabetes increases a woman’s coronary risk as much as it does.
Bibliographic references :
1. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M.Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jul 23;339(4):229-34.
2. S Lehto, T Ronnemaa, SM Haffner, K Pyorala, V Kallio and M LaaksoDyslipidemia and hyperglycemia predict coronary heart disease events in middle-aged patients with NIDDM Diabetes. 1997 Aug;46(8):1354-9.
3. Juutilainen A, Kortelainen S, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M.Gender Difference in the Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on Coronary Heart Disease Risk Diabetes Care 27:2898-2904, 2004.
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"Nox, Nox, Knocking: The Emerging Roles of NADPH Oxidases in Vascular Physiology & Disease"Dr. Grant Drummond (biography)
English - 2006-09-16 - 49 minutes
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Summary :
"Despite the bad press about reactive oxygen species, they are not always that bad," says Dr. Drummond. "In fact they are critical for cell signaling processes." What happens when oxygen free radicals/reactive oxygen species are overproduced, and what are the potential implications for lowering oxidative stress in the vasculature?
All of the known cardiovascular risk factors are...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- What are reactive oxygen species?
- Effects of overproduction of reactive oxygen species in disease states
- Clinical trials with antioxidants
- NADPH oxidase isoforms and superoxide production
- Proposed mechanisms of vascular free radical production
Bibliographic references :
1. Young-Ah Suh, Rebecca S. Arnold, Bernard Lassegue, Jing Shi, Xiangxi Xu, Dan Sorescu, Andrew B. Chung, Kathy K. Griendling and J. David LambethCell transformation by the superoxide-generating oxidase Mox1 Nature 1999;401:79.
2. Bernard Lassègue, Dan Sorescu, Katalin Szöcs, QiQin Yin, Marjorie Akers, Yong Zhang, Sharon L. Grant, J. David Lambeth, Kathy K. Griendling Novel gp91phox Homologues in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: nox1 Mediates Angiotensin II–Induced Superoxide Formation and Redox-Sensitive Signaling Pathways Circulation Research. 2001;88:888.
3. Cornelius F.H. Mueller; Karine Laude; J. Scott McNally; David G. Harrison Redox Mechanisms in Blood Vessels Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2005;25:274.
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"Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes - The Critical Role of the Beta-Cell"Prof. Steven Kahn (biography)
English - 2006-09-13 - 40 minutes
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Summary :
The beta-cell is critical in the maintenance of glucose tolerance and a marked decrease in beta-cell function is clearly associated with the development of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Understanding the importance of insulin sensitivity in modulating beta-cell function has demonstrated that the beta-cell is capable of dramatically increasing insulin release in response to increased...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- Loss of the acute insulin response in T2DM
- Beta-cell adaptation to insulin sensitivity
- Beta-cell function in relation to fasting plasma glucose
- Beta-cell volume in IFG and T2DM
Bibliographic references :
1. Kahn SE.The relative contributions of insulin resistance and b-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia 46:3-19, 2003
2. Utzschneider KM, Prigeon RL, Carr DB, Hull RL,Tong J, Shofer JB, Retzlaff BM, Knopp RH, Kahn SE. Impact of differences in fasting glucose and glucose tolerance on the hyperbolic relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin responses.Diabetes Care 29:356-362, 2006
3. Holman RR. Assessing the potential for alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in prediabetic states. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 40 (Suppl):S21-S25, 1998
4. Leung N, Sakaue T, Carpentier A, Uffelman K, Giacca A, Lewis GF. Prolonged increase of plasma non-esterified fatty acids fully abolishes the stimulatory effect of 24 hours of moderate hyperglycaemia on insulin sensitivity and pancreatic b-cell function in obese men. Diabetologia 47:204-213, 2004
5. Kloppel G, Lohr M, Habich K,Oberholzer M, Heitz PU. Islet pathology and the pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus revisited. Surv Synth Pathol Res 4:110-125, 1985
6. Butler AE, Janson J, Bonner-Weir S, Ritzel R, Rizza RA, Butler PC. b-cell deficit and increased b-cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes 52:102-110, 2003
7. Hull RL,Westermark GT,Westermark P, Kahn SE. Islet amyloid: a critical entity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3629-3643, 2004
8. Barroso I.Genetics of type 2 diabetes.Diabet Med 22:517-535, 2005
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"The Clinical Implications of Advanced Glycation"Dr. Merlin C. Thomas (biography)
English - 2006-09-13 - 43 minutes
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Summary :
In this presentation Dr. Merlin Thomas of the Baker Heart Research Institute talks about the relevance of advanced glycation in diabetic patients. A number of haemodynamic and metabolic factors operate in chronic hyperglycemia, says Dr. Thomas, however, one pivotal pathway appears to be the formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs).
AGEs are formed by ...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- What are AGEs?
- Experimental evidence for AGEs as downstream mediators of hyperglycemic injury
- Ten reasons why AGEs are important in the clinic
Bibliographic references :
1. Josephine M. Forbes, Mark E. Cooper, Matthew D. Oldfield and Merlin C. Thomas Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in Diabetic Nephropathy J Am Soc Nephrol 14:S254-S258, 2003.
2. Helen Vlassara. The AGE-receptor in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. Volume 17, Issue 6 , Pages 436 - 443.
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"Renin-Angiotensin System: Beyond the Kidney"Prof. Mark E. Cooper (biography)
English - 2006-09-01 - 28 minutes
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Summary :
In this presentation Prof. Cooper talks about effects of the renin-angiotensin system in the vasculature, the retina and the pancreatic beta cell.
Diabetes is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, for which elevated blood pressure is one risk factor. How would the renin-angiotensin system be implicated in this increased risk? Angiotensin II raises blood pressure by acting as...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
Clinical and experimental evidence for extra-renal benefits of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade in the:
- Vasculature
- Retina
- Pancreas
Bibliographic references :
1. Riccardo Candido, MD; Karin A. Jandeleit-Dahm, MD, PhD; Zemin Cao, MD; Stefan P. Nesteroff;; Wendy C. Burns, BSc, (Hons), BEd; Stephen M. Twigg, MBBS, FRACP, PhD; Rodney J. Dilley, PhD; Mark E. Cooper, MBBS, FRACP, PhD; Terri J. Allen, PhDPrevention of Accelerated Atherosclerosis by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Diabetic Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice Circulation. 2002;106:246.
2. Riccardo Candido, MD; Terri J. Allen, PhD; Markus Lassila, PhD; Zemin Cao, MD; Vicki Thallas, BSc; Mark E. Cooper, MBBS, FRACP, PhD; Karin A. Jandeleit-Dahm, MD, PhDIrbesartan but Not Amlodipine Suppresses Diabetes-Associated Atherosclerosis Circulation. 2004;109:1536-1542.
3. Christina J. Moravski; Darren J. Kelly; Mark E. Cooper; Richard E. Gilbert; John F. Bertram; Shahnaz Shahinfar; Sandford L. Skinner; Jennifer L. Wilkinson-Berka Retinal Neovascularization Is Prevented by Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin System Hypertension. 2000;36:1099.
4. Sarlos et al. Am J Pathol 2004.
5. Jandeleit-Dahm, Karin AM; Tikellis, Christos; Reid, Christopher M; Johnston, Colin I; Cooper, Mark EWhy blockade of the renin-angiotensin system reduces the incidence of new-onset diabetes. Journal of Hypertension. 23(3):463-473, March 2005.
6. Tikellis C, Wookey PJ, Candido R, Andrikopoulos S, Thomas MC, Cooper ME.Improved Islet Morphology after Blockade of the Renin- Angiotensin System in the ZDF Rat Diabetes 53:989-997, 2004.
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"Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: The Neel Hypothesis Revisited"Prof. Peter J. Grant (biography)
English - 2006-05-07 - 50 minutes
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Summary :
In this presentation Prof. Grant talks about the Common Soil and Thrifty Genotype hypotheses and how they can be interpreted in light of new information that became available since their conception.
According to the Common Soil Hypothesis put forth by Stern in the 1980s, diabetes and cardiovascular disease are the same condition, underpinned by common genetic and environmental...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- The primary function of inflammation and thrombosis;
- The physiological nature of the adipocyte response to fat loading;
- The inflammatory atherothrombotic insulin resistance syndrome underpinning diabetes and cardiovascular disease;
- The relationship of abnormal cyclical responses to diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Bibliographic references :
Reaven, GM. Banting Lecture 1988. Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease Diabetes. 1988; 37(12): 1595-1607
Norhammar, A., Tenerz, A., Nilsson, G., Hamsten, A., Efendic, S., Ryden, L., Malmberg, K. Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and no Previous Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Study The Lancet. June 2002; 359(9324): 2140-2144
Moreno, PR., Murcia, AM., Palacios, IF., Leon, MN., Bernardi, VH., Fuster, V., Fallon, JT. Coronary Composition and Macrophage Infiltration in Atherectomy Specimens From Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Circulation. 2000; 102: 2180
Vinik, AI., Erbas, T., Park, TS., Nolan, R., Pittenger, GL. Platelet Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care. 2001; (24): 1476-1485
Freeman, MS., Mansfield, MW., Barrett, JH., Grant, PJ. Genetic Contribution to Circulating Levels of Hemostatic Factors in Healthy Families With Effects of Known Genetic Polymorphisms on Heritability Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002; 22: 506
Dunn, EJ., Ariens, RAS., Grant, PJ. The Influence of Type 2 Diabetes on Fibrin Structure and Function Diabetologia. 2005; 48(6): 1198-1206
Dunlap, JC. Molecular Bases for Circadian Clocks Cell. January 1999; 96(2): 271-290
Ando, H., Yanagihara, H., Hayashi, Y., Obi, Y., Tsuruoka, S., Takamura, T., Kaneko, S., Fujimura, A. Rhythmic Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression of Clock Genes and Adipocytokines in Mouse Visceral Adipose Tissue Endocrinology. 2005; 146(12): 5631-5636
Montagnani, M., Golovchenko, I., Kim, I., Koh, GY., Goalstone, ML., Mundhekar, AN., Johansen, M., Kucik, DF., Quon, MJ., Draznin, B. Inhibition of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Enhances Mitogenic Actions of Insulin in Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem. January 2002; 277(3): 1794-1799
Turek, FW., Joshu, C., Kohsaka, A., Lin, E., Ivanova, G., McDearmon, E., Laposky, A., Losee-Olson, S., Easton, A., Jensen, DR., Eckel, RH., Takahashi, JS., Bass, J. Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Circadian Clock Mutant Mice Science. May 2005; 308(5724): 1043-1045
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"New Developments in the Understanding of ß-cell Failure in Humans"Dr. Jenny Gunton (biography)
English - 2006-05-06 - 25 minutes
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Summary :
In this presentation, Dr. Gunton talks about the importance of beta-cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, and genetic causes of diabetes.
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is thought to make up 5-10% of type 2 diabetes. MODY 2 is the commonest form, related to a mutation in the glucokinase gene. Dr. Gunton reviews the different types of MODY mutations...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation, the participant will be able to discuss:
- The importance of beta-cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes;
- Genetic causes of diabetes;
- Expression levels of various genes in type 2 diabetic islets;
- A novel candidate gene: ARNT.
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"Gastric Motility and Glycaemic Control in Diabetes - The Chicken and the Egg Revisited"Prof. Michael Horowitz (biography)
English - 2006-05-06 - 38 minutes
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Summary :
In this presentation Prof. Horowitz talks about delayed gastric emptying in diabetes and strategies for its management.
Delayed gastric emptying is fairly common in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients, though gastroparesis may not be associated with a poor prognosis. Prof. Horowitz talks about the natural history of disordered gastric emptying in diabetes and reviews some evidence...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation, the participant will be able to discuss:
- The prevalence and natural history of disordered gastric emptying in diabetes
- The effect of acute hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia on gastric emptying
- The importance of gastric emptying in postprandial glycaemia
- Strategies for the management of symptomatic gastroparesis
Bibliographic references :
Schvarcz E, Palmer M, Ingberg CM, Aman J, Berne C.
Increased prevalence of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 1996 May;13(5):478-81.
Ceriello A, Hanefeld M, Leiter L, Monnier L, Moses A, Owens D, Tajima N, Tuomilehto J.
Postprandial glucose regulation and diabetic complications. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Oct 25;164(19):2090-5.
Jones KL, Horowitz M, Carney BI, Wishart JM, Guha S, Green L. Gastric emptying in early noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Nucl Med. 1996 Oct;37(10):1643-8.
Sutep Gonlachanvit, Chia-Wen Hsu, Guenther H. Boden, Linda C. Knight, Alan H. Maurer, Robert S. Fisher and Henry P. ParkmanEffect of Altering Gastric Emptying on Postprandial Plasma Glucose Concentrations Following a Physiologic Meal in Type-II Diabetic Patients Dig Dis Sci. 2003 Mar;48(3):488-97.
Diana Gentilcore, Reawika Chaikomin, Karen L. Jones, Antonietta Russo, Christine Feinle-Bisset, Judith M. Wishart, Christopher K. Rayner and Michael HorowitzEffects of Fat on Gastric Emptying of and the Glycemic, Insulin, and Incretin Responses to a Carbohydrate Meal in Type 2 Diabetes J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;91(6):2062-7.
Juris J. Meier, Guido Kemmeries, Jens J. Holst, and Michael A. NauckErythromycin Antagonizes the Deceleration of Gastric Emptying by Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Unmasks Its Insulinotropic Effect in Healthy Subjects Diabetes 54:2212-2218, 2005.
Little TJ, Pilichiewicz AN, Russo A, Phillips L, Jones KL, Nauck MA, Wishart J, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C.Effects of Intravenous Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on Gastric Emptying and Intragastric Distribution in Healthy Subjects: Relationships with Postprandial Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May;91(5):1916-23.
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"Diabetes Related Foot Complications"Dr. Paul Wraight (biography)
English - 2006-05-06 - 34 minutes
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Summary :
Approximately 20 percent of the diabetic population will develop a foot complication during their lifetime, says Dr. Wraight. These complications come in different kinds, such as pressure lesions or burns in a neuropathic foot, neuropathic ulcers due to ill-fitting shoes and other more serious conditions. These conditions are usually precipitated by neuropathy, trauma or foot deformity, and the...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- Different kinds of diabetic foot complications
- The pathogenesis of diabetic foot complications
- Diabetic pedal osteomyelitis: diagnosis and treatment strategies
Bibliographic references :
1. Morrison WB, Schweitzer ME, Wapner KL, Hecht PJ, Gannon FH, Behm WR.Osteomyelitis in feet of diabetics: clinical accuracy, surgical utility, and cost-effectiveness of MR imaging. Radiology. 1995 Aug;196(2):557-64.
2. G Ha Van, H Siney, JP Danan, C Sachon and A GrimaldiTreatment of osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot. Contribution of conservative surgery Diabetes Care. 1996 Nov;19(11):1257-60.
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"The Erectile-Endothelial Dysfunction Nexus: Implications for Cardiovascular Disease"Prof. Gerald Watts (biography)
English - 2006-05-06 - 35 minutes
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| (24 slides) |
Summary :
In this presentation Prof. Watts talks about the association between endothelial dysfunction and erectile dysfunction.
A number of studies have shown that worsening endothelial dysfunction is predictive of cardiac events (1), and both endothelial dysfunction and erectile dysfunction have been associated with cardiovascular risk factors (2,3). Also of interest is a study published...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- Endothelial dysfunction as a predictor of cardiac events
- Mechanisms of induction of endothelial dysfunction by conventional risk factors
- The association of endothelial dysfunction with cardiovascular risk factors
- The association of erectile dysfunction with cardiovascular risk factors
- Evidence for vascular endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic men with erectile dysfunction
- Evidence to suggest erectile dysfunction as an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease
- Effects of treatment therapies for erectile dysfunction
Bibliographic references :
1. Volker Schächinger, MD; Martina B. Britten, MD; Andreas M. Zeiher, MDPrognostic Impact of Coronary Vasodilator Dysfunction on Adverse Long-Term Outcome of Coronary Heart Disease Circulation. 2000;101:1899.
2. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Bull C, Robinson J, Deanfield JE.Endothelium-dependent dilation in the systemic arteries of asymptomatic subjects relates to coronary risk factors and their interaction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Nov 15;24(6):1468-74.
3. Virag R, Bouilly P, Frydman D."About arterial risk factors and impotence." Lancet. 1985 May 11;1(8437):1109-10.
4. L. De Angelis, M. A. Marfella, M. Siniscalchi, L. Marino, F. Nappo, F. Giugliano, D. De Lucia, D. Giugliano. Erectile and endothelial dysfunction in Type II diabetes: a possible link Diabetologia. 2001 Sep;44(9):1155-60.
5. Yavuzgil O, Altay B, Zoghi M, Gurgun C, Kayikcioglu M, Kultursay H.Endothelial function in patients with vasculogenic erectile dysfunction Int J Cardiol. 2005 Aug 3;103(1):19-26.
6. Chiurlia E, D'Amico R, Ratti C, Granata AR, Romagnoli R, Modena MG.Subclinical Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Oct 18;46(8):1503-6.
7. Carmine Gazzaruso, MD; Stefano Giordanetti, MD; Emanuela De Amici, MD; Gianandrea Bertone, MD; Colomba Falcone, MD; Diego Geroldi, MD; Pietro Fratino, MD; Sebastiano B. Solerte, MD; Adriana Garzaniti, MD. Relationship Between Erectile Dysfunction and Silent Myocardial Ischemia in Apparently Uncomplicated Type 2 Diabetic Patients Circulation. 2004;110:22-26.
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"Quality of Life & Diabetes"Dr. Pat Phillips (biography)
English - 2006-02-21 - 39 minutes
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| (37 slides) |
Summary :
In this presentation Dr. Phillips talks about why it's important to understand quality of life (QoL) in diabetes, some of the measurements used, and the quality of life continuum in diabetes.
It is important to understand QoL in the context of individual choices of the patient, and to understand the health impact of QoL. QoL is also used in guiding public health choices and...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
QOL and Diabetes:
- Why bother?
- Measurement of QoL
- The QoL continuum in diabetes
Bibliographic references :
1. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group.Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38 BMJ 1998;317:703-713.
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"Interaction of Metabolic with Haemodynamic Factors in Diabetic Nephropathy"Prof. Mark E. Cooper (biography)
English - 2006-02-16 - 40 minutes
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| (46 slides) |
Summary :
In this presentation Prof. Cooper discusses the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, current treatments, and future directions for the development of new and better treatments.
Elevated glucose and blood pressure levels are both associated with the development of diabetic complications, as seen in the UKPD study. With regards to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, there...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- A paradigm for the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy
- Efficacy of currently used antiproteinuric therapies and predictors of renal outcomes
- Potential therapeutic targets in diabetic nephropathy
Bibliographic references :
1. M. E. Cooper.Interaction of metabolic and haemodynamic factors in mediating experimental diabetic nephropathy Diabetologia, Volume 44, Issue 11, Nov 2001, Pages 1957 - 1972.
2. Barry M. Brenner, M.D., Mark E. Cooper, M.D., Ph.D., Dick de Zeeuw, M.D., Ph.D., William F. Keane, M.D., William E. Mitch, M.D., Hans-Henrik Parving, M.D., Giuseppe Remuzzi, M.D., Steven M. Snapinn, Ph.D., Zhonxin Zhang, Ph.D., Shahnaz Shahinfar, M.D., for the RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of Losartan on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy N Engl J Med. 2001 Sep 20;345(12):861-9.
3. de Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, Keane WF, Zhang Z, Shahinfar S, Snapinn S, Cooper ME, Mitch WE, Brenner BM.Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Lessons from RENAAL Kidney International (2004) 65, 2309–2320.
4. Doublier S, Salvidio G, Lupia E, Ruotsalainen V, Verzola D, Deferrari G, Camussi G.Nephrin Expression Is Reduced in Human Diabetic Nephropathy: Evidence for a Distinct Role for Glycated Albumin and Angiotensin II Diabetes 52:1023-1030, 2003.
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"Introduction"Prof. Jean-Pierre Després (biography)
English - 2005-10-25 - 16 minutes
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| (7 slides) |
Summary :
In this introduction, Prof. Després talks about the “toxic” environment in today's society which promotes obesity, the development of type 2 diabetes and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Hyperglycemia management is only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to preventing first or recurrent myocardial infarction in diabetic patients. The underlying metabolic abnormalities...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- The contribution of modern lifestyle choices towards increased diabetes and heart disease risk
- The impact of metabolic syndrome on CHD risk in diabetic patients
Bibliographic references :
1. Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Teutsch SM, Haffner SM; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III); National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP).NCEP-Defined Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, and Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease Among NHANES III Participants Age 50 Years and Older Diabetes 52:1210-1214, 2003.
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"Microvascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes: New Insight into Pathogenesis and Risk Reduction"Dr. Luigi Gnudi (biography)
English - 2005-06-18 - 44 minutes
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| (55 slides) |
Summary :
In this presentation Dr. Gnudi discusses experimental evidence providing new insight into the pathogenesis of microvascular complications of diabetes, with a focus on kidney disease, and new therapeutic opportunities addressing root causes.
In the UKPDS, a trend was observed for increasing risk of CV death with increasing diabetic nephropathy (1), and excess mortality has been...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- Experimental evidence suggesting a mechanism of interaction between haemodynamic and metabolic factors in the pathogenesis of glomerular injury
- Classic and modern therapeutic approaches to reduce the risk of microvascular complications in diabetes
- New therapeutic opportunities addressing the root causes of microvascular complications
Bibliographic references :
1. Amanda I. Adler, Richard J. Stevens, Sue E. Manley, Rudy W. Bilous, Carole A. Cull, and Rury R. Holman, on behalf of the UKPDS GROUP Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64)Kidney International. Volume 63 Issue 1 Page 225 - January 2003.
2. SL Wang, J Head, L Stevens and JH Fuller. Excess mortality and its relation to hypertension and proteinuria in diabetic patients. The world health organization multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes Diabetes Care. 1996;19(4):305-312.
3. Andrew Smith, Janaka Karalliedde, Lorenita De Angelis, David Goldsmith and Giancarlo Viberti Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity and Albuminuria in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 1069-1075, 2005.
4. Luigi Gnudi; GianCarlo Viberti; Leopoldo Raij; Veronica Rodriguez; Davina Burt; Pedro Cortes; Barry Hartley; Stephen Thomas; Sabrina Maestrini; Gabriella Gruden GLUT-1 Overexpression: Link Between Hemodynamic and Metabolic Factors in Glomerular Injury? Hypertension. 2003;42:19.
5. Gabriella Gruden, Giorgia Setti, Anthea Hayward, David Sugden, Sara Duggan, Davina Burt, Robin E. Buckingham, Luigi Gnudi and Giancarlo VibertiMechanical Stretch Induces Monocyte Chemoattractant Activity via an NF-B-Dependent Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1-Mediated Pathway in Human Mesangial Cells: Inhibition by Rosiglitazone J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 688-696, 2005.
6. Dick de Zeeuw, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Hans-Henrik Parving, William F. Keane, Zhongxin Zhang, Shahnaz Shahinfar, Steve Snapinn, Mark E. Cooper, William E. Mitch, and Barry M. Brenner
Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Lessons from RENAAL Kidney International.Volume 65 Issue 6 Page 2309 - June 2004.
7. Palla R, Panichi V, Finato V, Parrini M, Andreini B, Bianchi AM, Giovannini L, Migliori M, Bertelli AA Effect of increasing doses of lisinopril on proteinuria of normotensive patients with IgA nephropathy and normal renal function. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1994;14(1):35-43.
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"Adiponectin: Conducting the Metabolic Orchestra"Prof. John Prins (biography)
English - 2005-06-18 - 38 minutes
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| (28 slides) |
Summary :
Adipose tissue has come to be known as an important endocrine organ making different kinds of molecules including adiponectin, collectively known as adipokines.
Adiponectin is produced exclusively by fat cells and its secretion is decreased in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Adiponectin promotes insulin sensitivity, is a potent anti-inflammatory molecule, a potent activator of...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
Adiponectin structure and circulating isoforms
Adiponectin analysis
Adiponectin and insulin sensitivity
Adiponectin and inflammation
Adiponectin regulation
Adiponectin in the metabolic syndrome
Clinical implications
Adiponectin – what we don't yet know
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"Early Retinal Microvascular Changes in Diabetes: Insights into Pathogenesis and Prediction"Dr. Tien Y. Wong (biography)
English - 2005-06-18 - 57 minutes
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| (43 slides) |
Summary :
Early retinal microvascular changes are poorly understood yet important to be studied, as early stages of the disease may be reversible, and further, studies suggest that individuals with classical signs of diabetic retinopathy may already have diabetes for several years.
Do changes in retinal vascular caliber predict the development of diabetes, and in people with diabetes does it...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- Changes in retinal vascular caliber as a predictor of diabetes and diabetic complications
- Retinopathy and the risk of diabetes, stroke and CHF
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"Development of Atherosis in the Placental Bed of Diabetic Pregnancy"Prof. Eileen Gallery (biography)
English - 2005-06-18 - 27 minutes
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| (37 slides) |
Summary :
Type 1 diabetes is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes many of which are related to abnormalities in placental function and fetal growth (1). Of importance in diabetic pregnancy is an increased and more rapid development of a disorder called “atherosis” in the maternal blood vessels of the placental bed, which is similar to atheroma in the vessels of a non-pregnant individual. Atherosis leads...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- The significance and consequences of atherosis in diabetic pregnancy
- Mechanisms promoting atherosis in diabetic pregnancy
Bibliographic references :
1. Dorte M. Jensen, PHD, Peter Damm, DMSC, Lars Moelsted-Pedersen, DMSC, Per Ovesen, DMSC, Jes G. Westergaard, DMSC, Margrethe Moeller, MD and Henning Beck-Nielsen, DMSC.Outcomes in Type 1 Diabetic Pregnancies: A nationwide, population-based study Diabetes Care 27:2819-2823, 2004.
2. Anoula Galettis, BSC, Suzanne Campbell, BSC, PHD, Jonathan M. Morris, MBBS, MMED, PHD, FRACOG, Christopher J. Jackson, BSC, PHD, Steven M. Twigg, MBBS, PHD, FRACP and Eileen D.M. Gallery, MD(SYD), FRACP. Monocyte Adhesion to Decidual Endothelial Cells Is Increased in Pregnancies Complicated by Type 1 Diabetes but not by Gestational Diabetes Diabetes Care 27:2514-2515, 2004.
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"Adipose Tissue as an Inflammatory Organ (Endocrine Tumor) in Human Obesity"Prof. John N. Fain (biography)
English - 2005-06-10 - 55 minutes
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| (28 slides) |
Summary :
We postulate that many of the deleterious effects of obesity in humans may involve enhanced formation of cytokines by the non-fat cells in adipose tissue. Cytokines are factors that are involved in the response to infections but also appear to promote heart disease as well as diabetes. We compared the release of cytokines by the adipose tissue of morbidly obese women with a body fat weight of 123...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- The specific parts of adipose tissue that inflammatory factors come from
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"Muscle - Adipose Tissue "Crosstalk" : Implications for Insulin Action"Prof. Edward W. Kraegen (biography)
English - 2005-06-10 - 53 minutes
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| (40 slides) |
Summary :
In this presentation Prof. Kraegen discusses the link between muscle insulin resistance and free fatty acids (FFAs), buffering of the FFA supply by adipose tissue, and adipokine targets in muscle.
An overload of supply of fatty acids to muscle may be a major factor in the pathogenesis of muscle insulin resistance, says Prof. Kraegen. Cytosolic lipid accumulation leading to muscle...
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation the participant will be able to discuss:
- Muscle Insulin Resistance – Link to FFAs
- Buffering of FFA supply by adipose tissue
- Adipokines and targets in muscle
Bibliographic references :
1. K. Frayn. Adipose tissue as a buffer for daily lipid flux Diabetologia, Volume 45, Issue 9, Sep 2002, Pages 1201 - 1210.
2. D.R. Laybutt, D.J. Chisholm and E.W. Kraegen
Specific adaptations in muscle and adipose tissue in response to chronic systemic glucose oversupply in ratsAm J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 273: E1-E9, 1997.
3. Carey DG, Jenkins AB, Campbell LV, Freund J, Chisholm DJ.Abdominal fat and insulin resistance in normal and overweight women: Direct measurements reveal a strong relationship in subjects at both low and high risk of NIDDM.Diabetes. 1996 May;45(5):633-8.
4. Seng Khee Gan, Katherine Samaras, Campbell H. Thompson, Edward W. Kraegen, Andrew Carr, David A. Cooper, and Donald J. Chisholm Altered Myocellular and Abdominal Fat Partitioning Predict Disturbance in Insulin Action in HIV Protease Inhibitor-Related Lipodystrophy Diabetes 51:3163-3169, 2002.
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"Resistin and Fasting-Induced Adipose Factor (FIAF) in the Brain and Pituitary: Implications for Insulin Resistance and Obesity"Dr. Russell Brown (biography)
English - 2005-05-06 - 29 minutes
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| (20 slides) |
Summary :
In this presentation Russell Brown discusses experimental evidence for expression of the adipokines resistin and fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF) in non-adipose tissues, and studies providing insights into the nature of expression of these genes.
Insulin and leptin are examples of hormones from the periphery that have been found to act in the brain, affecting food intake,...
Learning objectives :
Key Discussion Points:
- The brain and pituitary gland express adipokines including resistin and fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF);
- RNA interference is an effective tool to study adipokines;
- These brain-derived adipokines may prove to be therapeutic targets for obesity and brain development, cell signaling and angiogenesis.
Bibliographic references :
1. Schwartz MW, Porte D Jr. Diabetes, obesity, and the brainScience. 2005 Jan 21;307(5708):375-9.
2. Schwartz MW and Morton GJ. “Keeping Hunger at Bay.” Nature 2002 Aug 8; 418:596-597.
3. Barbara A. Morash, Diane Willkinson, Ehud Ur and Michael Wilkinson. Resistin expression and regulation in mouse pituitary FEBS Lett. 2002; 526(1-3):26-30.
4. Michael Wilkinson, Diane Wilkinson, Glen Wiesner, Barbara Morash, Ehud UrHypothalamic Resistin Immunoreactivity Is Reduced b y Obesity in the Mouse: Co-Localization with (alpha)-Melanostimulating Hormone Neuroendocrinology 2005;81:19-30.
5. G Wiesner, BA Morash, E Ur, and M Wilkinson. Food restriction regulates adipose-specific cytokines in pituitary gland but not in hypothalamus Journal of Endocrinology, Vol 180, Issue 3, R1-R6.
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"Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Cardiovascular Disease"Prof. Antonio Ceriello (biography)
English - 2005-04-16 - 31 minutes
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| (25 slides) |
Summary :
Increasing evidence suggests that the postprandial state is a contributing factor to the development of atherosclerosis. In diabetes, the postprandial phase is characterized by a rapid and large increase in blood glucose levels, and the possibility that the post-prandial hyperglycemic spikes may be relevant to the onset of cardiovascular complications has received recently much attention....
Learning objectives :
After viewing this presentation, participants will be able to discuss:
- The relevance of postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia on oxidative stress generation and endothelial dysfunction.
- The relationship of postprandial and fasting glucose levels with HbA1c levels
Bibliographic references :
The DECODE study group on behalf of the Europe an Diabetes Epidemiology GroupGlucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetic Association diagnostic criteria Lancet Volume 354, Issue 9179 , 21 August 1999, Pages 617-621
M Tominaga, H Eguchi, H Manaka, K Igarashi, T Kato, and A SekikawaImpaired glucose tolerance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but not impaired fasting glucose. The Funagata Diabetes StudyDiabetes Care 22: 920-924.
B Balkau, M Shipley, RJ Jarrett, K Pyorala, M Pyorala, A Forhan, and E EschwegeHigh blood glucose concentration is a risk factor for mortality in middle-aged nondiabetic men. 20-year follow-up in the Whitehall Study, the Paris Prospective Study, and the Helsinki Policemen StudyDiabetes Care 21: 360-367
E Barrett-Connor and A FerraraIsolated postchallenge hyperglycemia and the risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in older women and men. The Rancho Bernardo StudyDiabetes Care 21: 1236-1239
Markolf Hanefeld, Jean Louis Chiasson, Carsta Koehler, Elena Henkel, Frank Schaper, and Theodora Temelkova-Kurktschiev Acarbose Slows Progression of Intima-Media Thickness of the Carotid Arteries in Subjects With Impaired Glucose Tolerance Stroke 2004 35: 1073 - 1078
M. Hanefeld, M. Cagatay, T. Petrowitsch, D. Neuser, D. Petzinna, and M. RuppAcarbose reduces the risk for myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients: meta-analysis of seven long-term studiesEur. Heart J., January 2004; 25: 10 - 16.
Katherine Esposito, Dario Giugliano, Francesco Nappo, Raffaele Marfella for the Campanian Postprandial Hyperglycemia Study Group Regression of Carotid Atherosclerosis by Control of Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Circulation 2004 110: 214 - 219
Francesco Perticone, Roberto Ceravolo, Arturo Pujia, Giorgio Ventura, Saverio Iacopino, Angela Scozzafava, Alessandro Ferraro, Massimo Chello, Pasquale Mastroroberto, Paolo Verdecchia, and Giuseppe SchillaciPrognostic Significance of Endothelial Dysfunction in Hypertensive PatientsCirculation, Jul 2001; 104: 191 - 196.
Antonio CerielloNew Insights on Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Complications May Lead to a "Causal" Antioxidant TherapyDiabetes Care 26: 1589-1596
Irene M Stratton, Amanda I Adler, H Andrew W Neil, David R Matthews, Susan E Manley, Carole A Cull, David Hadden, Robert C Turner, and Rury R HolmanAssociation of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational studyBMJ, Aug 2000; 321: 405 - 412.
Louis Monnier, Hélène Lapinski, and Claude ColetteContributions of Fasting and Postprandial Plasma Glucose Increments to the Overall Diurn | | | |
